1) Stephane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism
Victims of Communism only: 85-100M2) Rudolph J. Rummel, Death By Government
“Democides” – Government inflicted deaths (1900-87)
169,198,000Including:
Communist Oppression: 110,286,000Democratic democides: 2,028,000
Not included among democides:
Wars: 34,021,000
Non-Democidal Famine (often including famines associated with war and communist mismanagement):
China (1900-87): 49,275,000
Russia: (1921-47): 5,833,000
Total:
258,327,000 for all the categories listed here.
3) Zbigniew Brzezinski, Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century (1993)
“Lives deliberately extinguished by politically motivated carnage”:
167,000,000 to 175,000,000
Including:
War Dead: 87,500,000
Military war dead:
33,500,000
Civilian war dead:
54,000,000
Not-war Dead: 80,000,000
Communist oppression:
60,000,000
A short excerpt on China, from “the Black Book”:
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Still, by means of a close analysis of available sources, Margolin easily establishes the essential continuity between these regimes and their European counterparts, especially in the matter of violence and repression. In the case of China, the figures are mind-boggling. It is quite clear, writes Margolin, that “Communist actions” during the first twenty years of the Party’s existence resulted in “between 6 million and 10 million deaths,” not counting the civil war with the Kuomintang, which ended in 1949. Later, after the Communists came to power, “tens of millions of `counterrevolutionaries'” spent long periods of their lives in prisons or camps, “with perhaps 20 million dying there.” And to that should be added the deaths caused by the Great Leap Forward: “estimates range from 20 million to 43 million dead for the years 1951-1961,” plus “10 to 20 percent of the inhabitants of Tibet.” (The latter certainly amounts to genocide in the strict sense of the term.) Margolin sardonically cites the “genuine surprise” of Deng Xiaoping at world reaction to the massacre in Tiananmen Square in 1989, where “only” 1,000 people died. This, said Deng revealingly, was utterly insignificant compared with the events of the recent past.
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Communism has been the greatest social engineering experiment we have ever seen. It failed utterly and in doing so it killed over 100 000 000 men, women, and children, not to mention the near 30 000 000 of its subjects that died in its often aggressive wars and the rebellions it provoked. But there is a larger lesson to be learned from this horrendous sacrifice to one ideology. That is that no one can be trusted with power. The more power the center has to impose the beliefs of an ideological or religious elite or impose the whims of a dictator, the more likely human lives are to be sacrificed. This is but one reason, but perhaps the most important one, for fostering liberal democracy. link
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